In naturally sounding environments there are indeed stable relations between the properties of physical spaces (dimensions, shapes, textures of their bounding surfaces and the objects which they contain), and the ways in which they reflect sounds. For its major part, our experience of the world advocates in favor of the first view. 1 Artificial reverberation and echo appeared early in the history of recording techniques (Doyle 2005 (.)ĤFrom a listener’s point of view, reverb and echo may be understood as either properties of spaces or properties of sounds.The way in which the lăutari use these techniques stands at the core of the present article. Added on the mixing console, the latter effects emulate the reflection of sound waves on the surfaces they encounter in natural environments.
Almost inevitably, this also means reverberation and echo. Some females do however perform as singers.ģNowadays, only few Roma ensembles play without amplification. The lăutari form a highly gendered profession, most of them being male. Drumkits were frequent until the turn of the century, when they started to be replaced by the drum machines of the synthesizers. Synthesizers were introduced during the 1980s, and with the help of the microphone, singers became an integral part of genres where voices would otherwise have been unheard. In the 1970s probably (Rădulescu 2002: 75-76), the lăutari started to use musical electronics for amplification and for sound effects. Although fewer nowadays, cymbalums can still be heard here and there, and are often held in high esteem by the connoisseurs. To give a quick overview, brass and reed instruments are very popular in the Northeastern and Western regions (Moldavia and Banat), accordions are the trademark of Bucharest and the South (Oltenia), violins are appreciated all over the country, with pure string ensembles operating in the Northwest (Transylvania). In Romania, such musicians are called lăutari.Ģ Lăutari play a variety of instruments throughout the country. Some of them also perform on a regular basis in pubs or restaurants. 1In Southeastern Europe, Roma professional musicians are often hired to provide entertainment for large and popular events such as weddings, christenings, circumcisions, birthday parties or political rallies.
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